The classical Tamil literature known as Sangam literature was engraved on palm leaves and dates back to the period between 300BC and 300 AD. These works were written in ancient Tamil and were composed as hymns, ballads, erotic verses and lyrics. They graphically portray the life, health status and civilization under the Chera, Chola and Pandiya dynasties during the early centuries. Presently, the medical research methodology includes epidemiological studies to assess the distribution and determinants of health and disease in defined population. Upon careful analysis of Sangam literature, it is fascinating to explore that the ancient Tamil culture has also provided such epidemiological knowledge of disease prevalence along with the management of diseases through their distinctive concept of Thinaigal (Landscapes). While today’s modern world is globally concerned with improving the moribund health status of the population, the concept of Thinaigal (Landscapes) has provided the terrain, the fauna and flora, health status and medicinal value of their flora of five major landscapes (Iynthinaigal) namely Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Palai. These landscapes were named after the chief herbs growing in that region. Therefore this review work evaluates the traditional claims of these geographical landscapes, in terms of disease prevalence pertaining to the landscapes (Thinaigal) and the geographical herbs for disease management in the light of recent scientific studies. This literature review has been made to highlight the public health approach that existed in ancient Tamil culture as a pioneer for epidemiological studies of modern era and to appraise the contribution of geographical herbs towards improving the health status of the country.

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