In 1897 the first general population census was produced in the Russian Empire. The date of which were presented the unique information of the number and geographical location of its many tribal populations, marital status, age-related composition, religion, social class and the literacy of individual nationalities and tribal groups. This census is the most important source for the history of the population of Russia. The article deals with the dynamics of the number of the Kalmyk population in the main areas of the settlement on the territory of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. The chronological scope of the study covers the period from the first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897 to the beginning of 1917. Concluding the study, the authors note that in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the Kalmyk population of Russian Empire lived in large groups in the south east of the European part of the country. However, the main part namely more than two thirds lived in the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province. And for this group of the Kalmyk population was characteristic the quite stable rate of the growth of the population during the pre-revolutionary period. It was based on the socio-economic conditions of that period at the same time in the same period among other groups the Kalmyk population (the Don-Stavropol, Terek, Orenburg, Ural Cossacks) it was a tendency to reduce the population. One of main reasons was migration on territory of main areas of the Kalmyk settlement. In general, considering the sex-ratio for the given period, the authors note that during the period under study the population was characterized by the prevalence of the male population over the female.

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