No consensus has occurred as the results of the studies regarding the association between diabetes mellitus and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. We aimed to compare PSA levels in diabetic to nondiabetic patients and to assess the factors that may affect this level. A total of 296 men (156 diabetic cases and 140 healthy controls) aged over 40 years were included. A form including age, anamnesis, medical history was filled for all cases. Diabetes duration and anti-diabetic drug usage were recorded for diabetic patients. The biochemical evaluation consists of hemoglobin A1c, total PSA, total testosterone, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thyrotropin stimulating hormone levels. The mean age was 58.36±10.22 years, and no significant difference was found between these two groups concerning age. The PSA level was 1.14±0.81ng/mL in diabetic and 1.29±0.82 ng/mL in nondiabetic participants (p=0.048). Serum PSA levels were very similar between the ages 40-49 in both groups. The difference increased in the 50-69 age group. PSA levels were significantly lower in men whose disease duration was more than 10 years (p=0.015) and men with hemoglobin A1c value ≥8.5% (p=0.019). No correlation was found between PSA levels and total testosterone, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thyrotropin stimulating hormone levels. The usage of anti-diabetic drugs or insulin did not influence PSA levels. Serum PSA levels were significantly lower in diabetic individuals than in healthy controls. For this reason, diabetes should be taken into consideration while interpreting PSA values for prostate cancer detection.

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