Executive functions (EF), defined as inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, are increasingly recognized as core predictors of early school readiness, socioemotional adjustment, and lifelong well-being. This paper synthesizes leading theoretical models and comparative international evidence to demonstrate that EF do not develop in isolation through brain maturation but rather emerge within cultural, linguistic, and institutional ecologies. By reviewing findings from Western, Asian, and Turkish contexts, the article highlights how parenting practices, classroom environments, socioeconomic disparities, and bilingual experiences shape children’s EF trajectories in distinctive ways. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it clarifies the main research problem: the field has relied heavily on Western-based models, with limited integration of cross-cultural perspectives and scarce systematic policy frameworks. Second, it proposes an integrative approach by linking theory, culture, and policy into a practical framework for early childhood education. This framework includes embedding EF-supportive activities into daily preschool routines, preparing teachers through short professional development modules, and incorporating EF indicators into routine assessment practices. In conclusion, the article reframes EF as dynamic and context-sensitive competencies that can be systematically nurtured in early education. By aligning theory with culturally grounded practices and policy innovations, it offers actionable pathways for strengthening school readiness and equity. Future research directions are outlined, emphasizing the need for larger cross-cultural samples and ecologically valid intervention studies that can advance both global and local understandings of EF development.

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